Eight units of capitalism in China, development and semi-feudal form of society ...

 Eight units of capitalism in China, development and the formation of semi-feudal society

review means an
1. Test center scan
(1)
Westernization Westernization Movement
Chinese National the rise of industrial capitalism, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat early

(2) Jiawu Sino-Japanese war broke out in the background of the war

Yellow Sea, Liaodong, Weihai avoidance of war and war Sum Li Policy
Hundred Days Reform Hundred Days coup

historical significance and lessons
(4) war of aggression against the Boxer Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion against foreign religions
development of the struggle
rise and development of the Boxer Rebellion
fight against the Boxer Rebellion Boxer
the nature of the Westernization Movement, scientific evaluation of the Westernization Movement.
(2) control the rise of China's national conditions of capitalist industry, performance, characteristics and differences with the Westernization of enterprises, understanding the characteristics of the Chinese national bourgeoisie and social causes. < br> (3) master Jiawu Sino-Japanese War, Boxer Rebellion war of aggression against the main profile, awareness of China's failure in the war, to contact the contents of the unequal treaties described the impact of war on Chinese society.
(4) master Kang Liangwei basic proposition of new ideas, all aspects of the reform movement, the role and history of the Hundred Days Reform of the causes of the failure to know the progress of the modernization of Chinese society.
(5) control the rise of the Boxer movement, development, and the climax of the basic historical facts, correct understanding of its complete the formation of colonial semi-feudal society, the generation of Chinese capitalism, Jiawu Sino-Japanese War, Boxer Rebellion invasion, the Hundred Days Reform and the Boxer Rebellion and other major events, showing that social modernization accelerated, semi-feudal society the development of fully formed characteristics.
as foreign aggression the deepening of the foreign advanced production technology and science and technology for the Chinese officials to accept an open, their strong introduction, positive practice, to carry out the Westernization Movement, and began the process of modernization of Chinese society. In foreign affairs, driven by the enterprise, but also started to invest in private in modern industry, national capitalist industries began to appear, the national bourgeoisie was born. to the 19th century, 90's, the national bourgeoisie launched a national salvation and survival of the Reform Movement, to create a new constitutional monarchy system of responsibility, to promote the modernization of Chinese society to establish a new stage of democracy.
19 century, 60 to 90 years, when world imperialism and capitalist countries to the transition period, the powers stepped up its aggression against China, has launched a war of aggression against the Sino and the Boxer Rebellion, trying to the control of China into their respective colonies. In severe national crisis, to the peasant class as the main spread of the Boxer Rebellion in northern China, direct aggression against the Boxer Rebellion, crushing the imperialist partition of China's dream .1901 to aggression, plunder of China.
19 century, 60 years, Chinese and foreign powers
19 century, 70 years later, with the capitalist countries the transition to imperialism, the Japanese invasion of the country to join the ranks of the 19th century, launched 90 Jiawu Sino-Japanese War. basic formation of semi-feudal society, but also to the Western powers invaded China entered a new phase.
Sino after the massive powers, China and export of capital, occupying leased land, divided into the tide in 1900 and launched a war of aggression against Boxer Rebellion, so China is facing a serious national crisis being colonized.
imperialist Boxer Rebellion forced to give up plans to carve up China's arrogant, powers shift to the China the transition doctrine, the way national powers invaded China, the method in place to change?
Hint: the imperialist powers of the colonial mode of aggression is subject to two factors: First, its level of economic development, and second, the resistance level of the colonized people .19 transition to the late stage of imperialism national powers, carving up the territory and the export of capital is its acts of aggression, which in the Treaty China's various social classes, all political forces responded.
(1) 19 century, 60 years, the landlord class in the Westernization of Learn the skills to self-reliance development. Sino failure of the Westernization Movement declared bankruptcy.
(2) 19 century, the political power of the national bourgeoisie as a new stage of history, to Kang, Liang, led by bourgeois reformers to resist aggression, saved from peril, a constitutional monarchy, the development of Western capitalism and the combination of learning, setting off a Reform Movement. the bourgeois revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen started the overthrow of the Qing dynasty, the struggle to establish a bourgeois republic, bourgeois-democratic revolutionary movement is in brewing.
(3) aggression peasant class struggle has been surging. in the 19th century severe national crisis, the rapid development of the Boxer Rebellion, although ultimately the United strangling foreign reactionary forces, but it was a heavy blow to the reactionary forces and foreign , breaking the imperialist carve up China's dream.
think the discussion
various political forces during this period of exploration and protests have failed, what is the common factor?
Tip: Modern various political forces to explore and struggle, mainly against the two forces, one foreign aggressive forces, the second is the decadent feudal forces, which suffered the inevitable backlash from them. Meanwhile, the success of exploration and struggle, but also with various political forces own strength, struggle, there is a direct relationship between the strategic objectives.
4. Modernization of Chinese society
(1) politics: the efforts to establish democracy
drawbacks as the continuous exposure of the Westernization Movement, many people reform the political system put forward the request, but not put into practice. to the 19th century, 90's, to Kang, Liang reformers, represented by the Reformation Movement and the Patriotic Salvation combination set off a mass movement of Reformation Movement, advocate the implementation of China constitutional monarchy, the development of capitalism, marked the development of modern Chinese society to the level of political system reform.
(2) economic: the economic structure changed significantly since the 60's
19 century, to adapt to the development of capitalist economy needs the protection of the unequal treaties with foreign powers, madly China output and export of capital goods, foreign economic forces in China, the rapid growth of China into the capitalist world market, China's economy become a vassal of the world capitalist economy; On the other hand, foreign capitalist economy, the Westernization of Chinese national capitalist enterprise and economic development have contributed to the disintegration of the feudal natural economy, the Chinese economy has shown signs of significant features of semi-feudal.
rise of national capitalist economy during this period to promote social progress in China a major factor .19 century sixties and seventies, in foreign enterprises and stimulation of the Westernization Movement, the Chinese national capitalism; 19th century early 20th century, China and preliminary development of national capitalism, the bourgeoisie political arena and laid the material foundation.
this period, the coexistence of economic structure in China, the feudal nature of economic, foreign capitalist economy, the Westernization of Chinese enterprises and the national capitalist economy, which still feudal dominance of natural economy .
(3) thinking: not only to study Western science and technology, but also to learn advanced Western ideology and culture and political systems, new ideas and learning from the west to the system by the level of level of development artifacts. wei, Liang inherited and developed the early Reformation thought, they blend Western and Middle School up in the economy, education, social aspects, especially the political front, made many important play, and stands for improvement, the development of capitalism in China to save the nation from peril. Kangliang Wei and practice contributed to the spread of new ideas in modern China and the first a trend of ideological emancipation, in the community played a role in the Enlightenment.
Special Note
this period Chinese society from a traditional society to modern society an important stage of transition, the content is very prominent in this year's exam: (1) combined with the historical facts can be seen in this stage of the characteristics of modern society, such as political democratization, economic machine production, scientific and cultural spirit. to measure the concept of modernization of the process of modernization to modernization facts that the concept of modernization, are two important ways of thinking. (2) combined with the historical facts can be seen at this stage of the characteristics of modern China, such as the start of economic modernization, through the concept of artifacts mm mm three phases system, in Under the influence of foreign countries started not finished and so, in particular, is one of the subject to a variety of obstacles need attention. But the positive Si Weipu time, reverse thinking more features. (3) Volume 2003, Jiangsu had specifically questions examine the political system since 1840, production methods, social class composition, education, science and technology and other aspects of modernization practice.
5. Qing rule of political changes and policy adjustments in the second Opium War and
double blow of Taiping Rebellion, the Qing Dynasty That would be a change. The first is to establish a series of semi-colonial and modern adaptation of the new institution: the establishment of Yamen in 1861, 1901 changed to Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Westernization Movement in the establishment of the Navy Yamen. In addition, the Westernization Movement and the Reformation Movement, also established a series of new management agencies and temporary agencies. The second is within the power of the ruling group changes: yau coup, the Empress Dowager Cixi of the Qing government to master real power relations than with the great powers Wilson, who forces a good growth. Third, the Manchu officials, incompetence, the Qing Manchu officials changed the reliance on traditional practices, began to re-Zeng, Li, Zuo et al, Han expansion of bureaucratic power.
In order to consolidate his rule, the Qing government was forced to ongoing policy adjustments. Xinyou coup, the Qing government to change the hostile attitude of foreigners to foreigners 90, Faction and advocated a Government in the Reform Movement has adopted a number of the bourgeois nature of the improvement, the power of the bourgeoisie trying to help save the crisis of governance .1900, in the face of oppression powers, the Qing Government to the powers once declared war with the Boxer, but eventually the sum knees . ; management officials the right to control the size of the hands of the army management system in use; military enterprise products are generally allocated to military use by the government, rather than as a commodity to participate in market exchange, the product regardless of cost, the plant itself did not break at all.
Second, with severe dependence. these industries in technology, equipment, facilities, etc., directly from foreign imports, production operations are heavily dependent on foreign technicians. The heavy reliance on foreign enterprises is difficult to develop the Westernization of the important reasons.
Third, capitalism has a certain color. Westernization founder of the traditional industrial enterprises have not completely feudal government-run enterprises, which machines and the introduction of Western technology, in large machines under a large concentration of manufacturing workers, workers in order to sell their labor for a living, is the early industrial proletariat, the wages of workers is largely determined by the level of technology. This makes a number of these advanced industrial capitalism, with the color. especially the civilian recruiting companies to come forward by the official supplier shares As a method of capital, the > So, Westernization is the founder of modern industrial capitalism, feudalism, and a complex mixture of feudal government-run industrial enterprises to the capitalist transformation of the transitional forms. is everywhere in these enterprises are still dependent on feudal government and the bureaucracy of the sanctuary, the lack of due vitality.

the Ming and Qing think the discussion of the and productivity of unity. essence of the capitalist mode of production of capitalist production and capitalist production relations of unity. productivity of the machinery of capitalist mass production, the capitalist relations of production the capitalist exploitation of workers on the employment relationship. It is clear that when the Ming and Qing Dynasties Characteristics of a burgeoning industrial
(1) generated from the business perspective, it is not a handicraft workshop stage of development to large-scale production machine, but the destruction of the powers of the Chinese invasion of the normal order of development, accelerated the disintegration of the premise of natural economy, directly into the machine and technology from foreign countries started up, so it is not produced in Chinese feudal society based on the seeds of capitalism gradually grew up.
(2) the structure of the industrial sector, China's national industry is basically light industry, which are primarily in the textile industry. the lack of strong national industry of China's economic foundation, itself can not production machines, only from the investment, turnover and profitability more light fast start.
(3) from the geographical distribution of industry , China's national capital's development is highly uneven, mainly in coastal cities. The reason is that many of these cities for the powers to sell goods and plunder of raw materials base, easy to use foreign technology and equipment. This abnormal distribution, reflecting the Chinese society semi-colonial resistance.
(4) from the enterprise's production capacity, China's national capital enterprise funds and small in scale, technology strength is weak, outdated equipment, management is very backward, lacking the necessary accumulation. These are often regarded for the national enterprises national industry and foreign capitalist forces and their forces of both the feudal conflicts, but also its dependent, this is the Chinese national bourgeoisie has a revolutionary and important features of compromise social roots.
think the discussion
China the emergence of national capitalism Why have these characteristics and development?
Tip: Any history of things and phenomena are at a particular time and space within the development and progression. The Chinese national capitalism in the mid-19th century and development in China up .19 special circumstances of mid-century China, the decision of national capitalism has its own characteristics, these conditions can be from the political environment, economic conditions, foreign relations, and many visits, but the most fundamental change in circumstances or social nature, that Chinese society of semi-feudal.
3. Jiawu the inevitability of the Sino-Japanese War and its impact
after the Meiji Restoration, Japan, the rapid development of capitalism, but retains a large number of feudal Japan, the domestic market is very small, inadequate resources, agriculture backward, so the Japanese aggression and expansion from the ruling group to find a way out, adding to the ranks of foreign aggression and expansion, developed by invasion of China as the core of the , the domestic development of the contradictions of capitalism become more prominent, the monopoly bourgeoisie of foreign colonial expansion, the desire to plunder the world market more strongly, the spearhead of the feudal and backward North Korea and China, war is inevitable.
Sino defeat the Qing government, forced to sign the humiliating China entered a new phase of a far greater degree of semi-colonial China.
(2) For Japan, Taiwan, received a huge indemnity and strategic location, not only promote the further development of Japanese capitalism, and to facilitate Japan further aggression in the Far East.
(3) the situation in the Far East, the sharp decline in China's international status; the rapid development of the Japanese forces, to speed up the process of annexation of Korea as the East aggressor, with the Western powers intensified in the Far East competition; imperialist powers more intense competition in the Far East.
4. How to Understand the Boxer, foreign aggression and modern civilization, with a blind xenophobic backwardness. Therefore, it is both the results of the intensification of ethnic conflicts abroad, but also the class of farmers knowledge of the foreign reactionary forces still in the perceptual stage of the product.
(2) Support the Qing, destroy the foreign, and the phase difference between the feudal dynasties, but can only stay in the feudal regime as a whole to defend invaded the understanding stage. This lack of subjective content of anti-feudal, reflecting the Boxer do not oppose the Qing government and the backwardness of the feudal system .
(3) the content of anti-feudal. Qing government's policy, but also the Boxers in the struggle against the Qing Dynasty to relax vigilance, not see through the machinations of the Qing rulers, and ultimately paid a huge and terrible price.
5. How to Understand Kang Restoration the Characteristics
19 century, Kang Restoration in promoting its ideas, not a direct transplant of foreign capitalist political theory, but moved out of the The combination of Confucianism, the use of traditional Confucian authority to promote political reform. This is characterized by Kang origin, status, experience, especially his time determined.
(1) was born in Nanhai, Guangdong Kang a Generations of families of feudal bureaucrats, from small to accept a strict traditional education, influenced by Confucianism, forming a strong tradition of cultural foundation. youth and traveled to Hong Kong, Shanghai, Introduction Western reading some books, saw the then capital doctrine of urban civilization, in contrast has the effect of a Western political reform ideas, the inevitable impact of traditional Confucian thought in its reform plays an important role.
(2) 19 century, 90 years, the Chinese bourgeois power is still relatively weak, can not create his own distinctive flag. Chinese traditional Confucianism profound impact in the hearts of the people, if a complete departure from tradition, will cause great resistance. Kang realize this, using the authority of Confucius to promote their ideas.
Kang This approach reflects the flexibility of his political reform strategy, but it also reflects the weakness of the Chinese national bourgeoisie.
6. Liao also the intentions of the three interference
on a joint German, French, diplomatic and military threats to intervene, Japan was forced to make concessions. Russia, Germany, and France itself to hero, in fact, they all have ulterior motives:
(1) Russia early on the Liaodong Peninsula cherished ambition to be the policy of occupation of the Liaodong Peninsula has been fixed. Liaodong Peninsula to Japan Gezhan affect the expansion of Russia to the region, which actively organized interference.
(2) Germany has long been the eastern border of the Russian threat, it dragged into the Russian Far East want to disputes, so that Russia, France and alienation, to reduce the pressure of their own; also took the opportunity to get a naval base from China to expand its aggression forces in the Far East, so actively involved in interference.
(3) France is the ally of Russia, also do not want too strong Japanese influence in China, affecting French interests in China, would also like to take the opportunity to enhance status in China.
three events because of the Liao also opposed to interference in China's territory of Japan cut accounting, is considered the starting point of world powers China, reflecting the imperialist aggression against China in the course of the struggle between both the relationship and collusion.
Development Area connection
1. Westernization and modernization
19 century 60 to 90 years, initiated by the Westernization of Western capitalism, using science and technology, aimed at preserving the rule of the Qing Dynasty's The establishment of Yamen in 1861 is one of the Westernization Movement political measures, it compromises both for diplomatic side, but also in terms of institutional arrangements to adapt to the role of China in Early Modern Times. Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement and the late Qing Dynasty, and the late Qing Dynasty as the Government.
2.
patriotism patriotism in modern history is a historical category, each period has its specific content. in recent history, the Qing government's diehards will be feudal privileges, the played an important role, but also a lack of the peasant class the concept of the modern state, such as the Boxer capitalism and reform and development is linked with the modern sense of patriotism. In addition to the bourgeois revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen, the Chinese Communists have also given new meaning to patriotism.
3. Japan's aggression and
Taiwan issue is China Taiwan People's Liberation War legacy issues, is China's internal affairs. However, foreign interference, resulting in the complexity of the Taiwan issue and sensitivity, which is one of Japan's invasion of the important factors. early 70s in the 19th century a new crisis in the border areas, the Japanese began to coveted China Taiwan; Sino, the Japanese Gezhan Taiwan, China set off an anti-cession of Taiwan people's struggle; World War II Cairo conference made it clear the Taiwan-China principle must be returned; After the war, Taiwan returned to the motherland. Today, the arduous struggle and complexity.
typical example of analysis of
��Example 1�� (2005 National Spring, 15) the following ; the
A. B. designated to pay high compensation Ministry of Foreign Affairs Embassy District
C. D. commitments listed in the first six against the Chinese people against imperialism
analysis: conclusion of this title examines the understanding of history. Qing government was the so-called The Government is committed against the Chinese people against imperialism.
Answer: D
��Example 2�� (2004 Jiangsu, 7) the following statements about the Westernization Movement, is not correct
A. Yamen is to promote the Westernization Movement set up a central agency
B. military industry and civilian industry are important to modern industrial
C. Navy ship from China create their own defeat in the Sino
D. declared bankruptcy
Westernization Movement Analysis: Westernization movement had just begun, the technical force is limited, it is important naval ships can not create their own production. In addition, this question can be ruled out law, will eliminate the right of expression, and finally determine the error in the statement.
Answer: C
��Example 3�� (2004 Jiangsu, 8) 19th century, 90 years, the basic characteristics of thought reform Kang is
A. advocated representative of the Confucian tradition of morality
C. shift from the study of Western science and technology to promote democratic republic
D. political theory of Western capitalism with a combination of traditional Confucianism
Analysis: The title is appropriate to exclude the law, that promote
Answer: D
�� ��Example 4 (2004 Guangdong, 7), 1895 annexed by Japan, the Russo-Japanese relations have been easing
C. D.
occupied the Liaodong Peninsula was under Japanese long-term analysis: examine the question of a specific historical phenomenon, and the textual representation of capabilities. control, but not be will not be a : Li almost there? lack of mistakes and the court Westernization colleagues suspicion
C. strife, court jealousies and strife Westernization mistakes
D. colleagues, lack of Westernization and military mistakes
analysis: The problem is material choice, according to the material needs historical information disclosed to choose an answer. from the strife known colleagues, so the correct answer is A items. In addition, from the material perspective, Li's remarks did not involve errors Westernization (Li itself is Westernization, Westernization that mistakes can not), remove with a Westernization error Salvation different ideas. For example: Reformation Movement vigorously promote humiliated person to take blame? cut, spin and then destroy the big ship. hh Yigai Devils are without mercy, the Qing Dynasty unified celebration of peace and prosperity. What holds different views? What are two views of the significance and limitations?
Analysis: The Hundred Days Reform, entitled to the Boxer Rebellion and the two major historical events as the starting point for comparisons problem. through the provision of relevant material to students a new situation, new angle of thinking, refining the material requirements of China's national crisis causes and ways to save the nation from peril of information, and then expand the comparison and evaluation. In reply, the first trial a good question, and with the knowledge to extract the subject basic ideas needed, from the perspective of the times, to evaluate the use of historical materialism. Generally speaking, the reformers caused by the internal sense of crisis and rise up and strengthen the country, and the Boxer crisis because the nation's understanding is correct, But the initiatives are not advisable. bourgeois reformers represented a new productivity improvement of its claims is a major, but there are clear limitations.
Passage: reformers believe that the national crisis caused by China The main reason behind China's social system and the resulting poor and weak countries, and only through political reform, the development of capitalism, and seek prosperity of the country, to save the nation from peril. Boxer that was the national crisis caused by the imperialist aggression, must resist them by force out of China.
positive view of reformers is that it is believed that only through its own social reforms, China can be obtained from the fundamentally strong, prosperous and independent; but it does not advocate against imperialist aggression and the positive reflects the limitations of the national bourgeoisie. Boxer positive view is that it advocates a positive fight against imperialist aggression; its limitations is that it does not contain the content of social reforms, but also with ignorance, superstition, and general xenophobic tendencies. Download Center

teachers teaching points clear of this unit is the college entrance examination
intensive areas, and some focus on the topic and knowledge of nearly every year, and the style of questions new, diverse ideas, theoretical content. If Reformation Movement in 1994 Comparison of the French Enlightenment thought and question, in 1995 CHEN Qi-Yuan established the material filature title in 1999, comments on the issue of Westernization Movement, Spring 2000 entrance Westernization Movement National Entrance Examination in the summer of reformers and the reasons for the Boxer crisis, the Chinese national awareness and ways to save the nation from peril questions such different points of view. involved in the kinds of questions, the multiple-choice questions account for a large proportion of ...